pGLO Transformation Lab
Purpose
In this experiment, we aimed to gain an understanding of the process of DNA transformation. We were tasked with discovering what conditions were required to successfully insert the pGLO plasmid into E. coli bacteria to produce a sufficient transgenic organism, in addition to figuring out the purpose of the arabinose sugar’s purpose in the petri plate.
Introduction
DNA naturally contains plasmids, small circular pieces of DNA, that are necessary for survival. The transformation of plasmids allows bacteria to be antibiotic resistant. The bacteria used is E. Coli. E. Coli has an inducible operon system, meaning that a protein is needed to make the repressor inactive, turning on protein synthesis. The protein used is arabinose. The protein causes the gene for the green fluorescent protein (GFP) to be turned on. The pGLO plasmid has the genes for GFP and antibiotic resistance to ampicillin.
Methods
There are several components used in the creation of the four different plates examined: agar, LB nutrient broth, ampicillin, arabinose sugar, calcium chloride, and pGLO. Agar is the medium off of which the bacteria grow, and the LB nutrient broth is the “food” needed for their growth. Ampicillin is an antibiotic that kills E. coli cells. When arabinose sugar is added, the gene for Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) is switched on in transformed cells. Calcium chloride is the transformation solution used to allow the pGLO gene into the E. coli cells.
First, label one micro test tube -pGLO and the other +pGLO. Transfer 250 microliters of calcium chloride into each of the two test tubes.
Above: the four tubes--the blue and purple are the LB broth and transformation solution, the green and yellow are the +pGLO and -pGLO suspensions
Place these two tubes on ice.
Above: immersion of the sterile loop into a tube with a colony of E. coli bacteria
Pick up a single colony--a small group of circular cells--of E. coli from its plate with a sterile loop. Immerse the sterile loop into the transformation solution at the bottom of the +pGLO tube. Spin the loop between your fingers until the colony has been dispersed throughout the solution. Return this tube to the tube rack on ice. Repeat with the -pGLO tube with a new sterile loop.
Above: the sample plate of E. coli bacteria colonies
Using a new sterile loop, immerse the loop into the pGLO plasmid DNA stock tube, withdrawing a loopful. A see-through film of plasmid solution should cover the ring. Then, mix the pGLO plasmid DNA into the suspension in the +pGLO tube in the same way done with the E. coli colony. Close the tube and return it to the rack on ice. Then, close the -pGLO tube, but DO NOT add the pGLO plasmid DNA to it.
Above: the pGLO plasmid DNA stock tube
Below: the sterile loop being immersed in the pGLO plasmid DNA
Let the rack rest on ice for 10 minutes. In the meantime, label the four agar plates on the bottom as +pGLO (LB/amp), +pGLO (LB/amp/ara), -pGLO (LB/amp), and -pGLO (LB).
Above: the -pGLO and +pGLO suspensions on ice
Above: labels on the four agar plates
After the 10 minutes, transfer the rack into the warm water bath set at 42°C for 50 seconds. Quickly transfer the rack back to the ice and leave for 2 minutes.
Above: the rack in the warm water bath
Below: returning the tubes to the ice
Open one of the tubes. Add 250 microliters of the LB nutrient broth to it and reclose it. Repeat with the other tube. Then, leave both tubes for 10 minutes at room temperature.
Use a pipet to transfer 100 microliters of the suspensions onto each of the four nutrient agar plates.
Below: transfer of the suspensions to each of the four agar plates
Using four new sterile loops, one for each plate, spread the suspension evenly around the surface of each plate. Quickly skate the loop in a zigzag pattern across the agar surface, and do not press too deep.
Above & below: skating the sterile loop across the surface of the agar plate
Stack up the plates and tape them together. Label with the group name and leave the stack upside down in the incubator for a day.
Below: the stack of the plates for incubation
Data
The agar plate with +pGLO, LB nutrient broth, ampicillin, and arabinose sugar was the only one of the four that exhibited transformation of E. coli genes to take on GFP. Its bacteria clearly glowed a bright green under the UV light. Additionally, the bacteria on this plate were able to resist the effects of the ampicillin antibiotic.
Graphs & Charts
Graphs and charts were not necessary to the analysis of this lab.
Discussion
Overall, three of our four petri plates sustained growth overnight - both of the +pGLO plates and the -pGLO/plain LB plate. There was a total absence of any surviving E. coli on the -pGLO/ampicillin plate; since this bacteria was completely unaltered, we can safely say that E. coli is not naturally resistant to ampicillin. The only plate to successfully express the gene for GFP (i.e. glow under UV light) was the +pGLO/ampicillin/arabinose plate; none of the others were able to fluoresce under the UV light.
Conclusion
In order to determine that E. Coli did not naturally glow a -pGLO LB plate was made. So there would not be a possibility of bacteria naturally glowing without the insertion of a plasmid. A second plate was made, –pGLO LB/AMP, This control proved that bacteria that did not have the plasmid that contained the ampicillin resistant gene could not grow in an environment with ampicillin.